Addiction is a complex brain disease involving altered function of reward and motivation systems. It includes substance abuse as well as behavioural problems such as abuse of gambling and video games, and excessive work, food, and
SUBSTANCE-RELATED ADDICTIONS
This includes dependence on any of the following:
BEHAVIOURAL OR PROCESS ADDICTIONS
Although less well studied, many behaviors appear to have reinforcing properties, and may involve excesses related to:
MULTIPLE ADDICTIONS AND CO-MORBID FACTORS
Science shows that substance and behavioural addictions can occur within the same individual and that multiple variants of substance or process addiction can be expressed at the same time. Thus, people can have multiple addictions with each addition being active to differing degrees of severity. Additionally, depression and anxiety frequently accompany addiction as co-morbid factors.
ALCOHOLS
What is Alcohol?
Liquid distilled product of fermented fruits. grains, vegetables Used as solvent, antiseptic, sedative
Moderate potential for abuse
Possible effect
Intoxication, Sensory , Anxiety Reduction
Symptoms of overdose
Staggering, Odor of alcohol on breath
Loss of coordination
Slurred speech, dialated pupils
Fetal Alcohol syndrome (in babies)
Nerve and liver damage
Withdrawal syndrome
Sweating, Tremors, Altered preception
Psychosis, fear, auditory hallucinations
Indications of possible misuse
Confusion , dis-orientation, Loss of motor nerve control
Convulsions, shock, shallow respiration
Involuntary defecation drowsiness
Respiratory depression, Possible death
Drug
Dependence :Physical/Psychological
How Used
Duration (hours)
Ethyl Alcohol
Possible/Possible
oral
1-4
Ethanol
Possible/Possible
oral
1-4
NARCOTICS
What are Narcotics?
Drugs used medicinally to relieve pain, irritability, High potential for abuse,
Cause relaxation with an immediate “RUSH”
Innitial Unpleasant effects— Restlessness, nausea.
Possible effect
Euphoria
Drowsiness, respiratory depression
Constricted (PinPoints) pupils
Symptoms of overdose
Slow and shallow breathing, convulsions, coma, death
Withdrawal syndrome
Watery Eyes, runny nose, yawning, cramps, Loss of Appetite, irritability, nausea Tremors, Panic, chills, sweating.
Indications of possible misuse
Scars (Tracks) caused by injections
Constricted (PinPoints) pupils, Loss of Appetite
Sniffles, watery eyes, cough , nausea
Lethargy, drowsiness, nodding
Syringes, bent spoons, needles
Drug
Dependence :Physical/Psychological
How Used
Duration (hours)
Opium
High / High
Oral , Smoked
3-6
Morphine
High / High
Oral,Smoked,injected
3-6
Codeine
Moderate / Moderate
Oral , injected
3-6
Heroin
High / High
Oral , injected
3-6
Hydromorphone
High / High
Oral , injected
3-6
Mepiridine
High / High
Oral , injected
3-6
Methadone
High / High
Oral , injected
12-24
DEPRESSANTS
What are depressants?
Drugs used medicinally to relieve anxiety, irritability, tension, High potential for abuse, development of tolerance Produce state of
intoxication similar to that of alcohol Combined with alcohol, increase effects and multiply risks
Possible effect
Sensory alteration, anxiety reduction, intoxication Small amounts cause calmness, relaxed muscles Larger amounts cause
slurred speech, impaired judgment, loss of motor coordination.Very large doses may cause respiratory depression, coma, death
Newborn babies of abusers may show dependence, withdrawal symptoms, behavioral problems, birth defects
Symptoms of overdose
Shallow respiration, clammy skin, dilated pupils Weak and rapid pulse, coma, death
Withdrawal syndrome
Anxiety,insomnia, muscle tremors, loss of appetite, Abrupt cessation or reduced high dose may cause convulsions, delirium,
death
Indications of possible misuse
Behavior similar to alcohol intoxication (without odor of alcohol on breath) Staggering, stumbling, lack of coordination, slurred
speech, Falling asleep while at work, difficulty concentrating, Dilated pupils.
Drug
Dependence :Physical/Psychological
How Used
Duration (hours)
Barbiturates
High/Moderate
oral
1-16
Methaqualone
High/High
Oral
4-8
Tranquilizers
High/High
Oral
4-8
Chloral hydrate
Moderate/Moderate
Oral
5-8
Glutethimide
High/Modearte
Oral
4-8
STIMULANTS
What are stimulants?
Drugs used to increase alertness , releive fatigue, feel stronger and more decisive
Use for Euphoric Effects or to counteract the “down” feeling of tranquilizers or Alohol
Possible effect
Increase heart and respiratory rates , elevated blood pressure, dialated pupils, and decreased appetite.
May caused prespiration, blurred vision, diziness, a feeling of restlessness, anxiety, delusions
Symptoms of overdose
Agitation, increase in body temperature, hallucinations, convulsions, possible death.
Withdrawal syndrome
Apathy, Long periods of sleep, irrtability, depression, disorientation
Indications of possible misuse
Excessive activity, talkativenesss, irrtability, argumentativeness or nervousness
Long periods without sleep or eating, Euphoria
Drug
Dependence :Physical/Psychological
How Used
Duration (hours)
Cocaine
Possible/High
Sniffed, smoked, injected
1-2
Amphetamines
Possible/High
Oral, injected
2-4
Methamphetamine
Possible/High
Oral, injected
2-4
Phenmetrazine
Possible/High
Oral, injected
2-4
Methylphenidate
Possible/High
Oral, injected
2-4
Other stimulants
Possible/High
Oral, injected
2-4
Ice
High/High
Smoked, Oral, injected, Inhaled
4-14
HALLUCINOGENS
What are hallucinogens?
Drugs that produce behavorial changes that often are multiple and dramatic
No know medical use, but some block sensation to pain and use may result in self-inflicted injuries
Designer Drugs made to imitate
Possible effect
Rapidly changing feelings, immediately and long after use
chronic use may cause presistents problems , depression, violent behaviour, anxiety,distorted perception of time
Large doses may cause convulsions, coma , heart/lung failure , raptured blood vessels in the brain.
May cause hallucinations, illusions, diziness, confusion, suspicion, anxiety, Loss of control
Delayed effects – “Flash-backs” may occur long after use
Designer drugs – one use may cause irreversible brain damage.
Symptoms of overdose
Longer, more intense “trip” episodes, psychosis, coma, death
Withdrawal syndrome
No know withdrawal syndrome
Indications of possible misuse
Extreme changes in beviour and mood
Person may sit or recline in a trance-like state
Person may appe
Person may appear fearful
Chills, irregular breathing, sweating, trembling hands
Changes in sense of light, hearing, touch, smell, time, increase in blood pressure, heart rate, blood sugar.
Drug
Dependence :Physical/Psychological
How Used
Duration (hours)
PCP,Angel dust,Love boat
Unknown/High
smoked,oral,injected
Up to days
LSD,Acid,Green/Red dragon
none/unknown
Oral
8-12 hours
Mescaline / peyote
none/unknown
Oral, injected
8-12 hours
Psilocybin
none/unknown
Oral,injected,smoked,sniffed
8-12 hours Variable
Designer drugs,Ecstasy,PCE
Unknown/Unknown
Oral,injected,smoked
variable
CANNABIS
What are cannabis?
Hamp plants from which marijuana and hashish are produced
Hashish consist of resinous secretion of the cannabis plant
Marijuana is a tobacco-like substance
Possible effect
Euphoria followed by relaxation; loss of appetite; impaired memory, concentration,
knowledge retention ; loss of coordination; more vivid sense of taste; sight; smell ; hearing
Stronger doses cause fluctuating emotions, fragmantory thoughts, disoriented behaviour , psycosis
May cause irritation to lungs
May cause cancer
Symptoms of overdose
Fatigue, lack of coordination , paranoia , psychosis
Withdrawal syndrome
Insomnia, hyperactivity, sometimes decreased appetite
Indications of possible misuse
Animated behaviour and loud talking followed by sleepiness
Dialated Pupils, bloodshot eyes
distortions in perception, hallucinations
Distortion in depth and time perception, loss of coordination.
Drug
Dependence :Physical/Psychological
How Used
Duration (hours)
Cocaine
Possible/High
Sniffed, smoked, injected
1-2
Amphetamines
Possible/High
Oral, injected
2-4
Methamphetamine
Possible/High
Oral, injected
2-4
Phenmetrazine
Possible/High
Oral, injected
2-4
Methylphenidate
Possible/High
Oral, injected
2-4
Other stimulants
Possible/High
Oral, injected
2-4
Ice
High/High
Smoked, Oral, injected, Inhaled
4-14
STEROIDS
What are steroids?
Drugs used medicinally to relieve anxiety, irritability, tension, High potential for abuse, development of tolerance Produce state of
intoxication similar to that of alcohol Combined with alcohol, increase effects and multiply risks
Possible effect
Sensory alteration, anxiety reduction, intoxication Small amounts cause calmness, relaxed muscles Larger amounts cause
slurred speech, impaired judgment, loss of motor coordination.Very large doses may cause respiratory depression, coma, death
Newborn babies of abusers may show dependence, withdrawal symptoms, behavioral problems, birth defects
Symptoms of overdose
Shallow respiration, clammy skin, dilated pupils Weak and rapid pulse, coma, death
Withdrawal syndrome
Anxiety,insomnia, muscle tremors, loss of appetite, Abrupt cessation or reduced high dose may cause convulsions, delirium,
death
Indications of possible misuse
Behavior similar to alcohol intoxication (without odor of alcohol on breath) Staggering, stumbling, lack of coordination, slurred
speech, Falling asleep while at work, difficulty concentrating, Dilated pupils.
Drug
Dependence :Physical/Psychological
How Used
Duration (hours)
Cocaine
Possible/High
Sniffed, smoked, injected
1-2
Amphetamines
Possible/High
Oral, injected
2-4
ICE
What is ICE?
Also known as,
Meth, Crystal, Crank, methamphetamine
You probably know why ice is abused.
- Temporary mood elevation
- Exhilaration (high)
- Increased mental alertness
- Upper – increase wakefulness
But did you know that:
- Ice is ectremely addictive, sometimes with just one use.
- Ice can cause convulsions, heart irregularities, high blood pressure, depression, restlessness, tremors, and severe
fatigue.
- An overdose can cause coma and death.
- When one stop using ice, one may experience a deep depression.
- Ice causes a very jittery high along with anxiety, insomnia and sometime paranoia.
INHALANTS
What are inhalants?
Some of the substances that are baused.
- Butyl Nitrite
- Amyl Nitrite (gas in aerosol cans)
- Gasoline and touline vapors(typrewritter correction fluid, glue, marking pens)
You probably know why inhalants are abused.
- Cheap HIGH
- Quick buzz
- Fun
but did you know inhalants can cause:
- Loss of Muscel control
- Slurred speech
- Drowsiness or loss of conciousness
- Excessive secretions from the nose and watery eyes
- Brain damage and damage to lung cells
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HOPE
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